Thursday, December 26, 2019

Aristotle s Views On Ancient Greek Democracy - 884 Words

Swiss-French writer Benjamin Constant and ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle offer conflicting viewpoints concerning the merits and possibilities of ancient Greek democracy. Aristotle’s political theory attempts to justify his city-state’s political structure by providing a model of the common good, or Chief Aim, his end goal for Athenian democracy. He believed Athenians could reach the Chief Aim as a society by individually learning to be virtuous and then instilling laws and morals based on these ideals. In his lecture, The Liberty of the Ancients Compared with that of the Moderns, Constant highlights that the individual liberties protected in a modern representative democracy are much more important than the political liberties that one was given in antiquity. Constant illustrates that while some ideas of ancient Greek democracy are precious, Aristotle’s political theory is not an obtainable reality and it was beneficial that modern democracies transitioned t o a system that protects individual liberty. Two of Aristotle’s most famous works, Nicomachean Ethics and Politics, offer an outline of his perfect society and how Athens could ascend to his ideals. According to Aristotle, the strive for the most good society starts with individuals and then collectively builds up to the Chief Aim through active participation in politics. He explains that an Athenian earns his freedom and citizenship by subduing his animal instincts and passions. Instead of succumbing to these urges,Show MoreRelatedGreece s Impact On The World1360 Words   |  6 PagesA Blast From the Past The way to better the world is to go back to the past and learn the ways of those who came before and learned from their mistakes; sort of like time traveling. When going back in time and comparing the ancient civilizations of Rome and Greece to today, the root of our knowledge are greatly influenced on the minds who have lived at that time. Some may ask which civilization had the most impact on United States and the world? Many would say that the Romans had the most impactRead MoreComparing The And The Odyssey998 Words   |  4 Pages The Illiad and the Odyssey were so important to the Greeks because they were great works of literature and contained information of past events’, much like a bible or history book. It shaped their culture and what it meant to be a human being. The events of the Illiad and the Odyssey have been reflected in plays in ancient Greece and in the attitudes of many Greeks on what it meant to be a hero at that time. 3. The city-states of Ancient Greece were organized like tiny independent countries.Read MoreThe Concept of Democracy664 Words   |  3 Pagesindividuals the concept of democracy has taken on an almost sacred position. The result of democracy holding such a position with some individuals is that democracy has attained a quasi-religion status that results in its being unquestionable as a concept in the eyes of these individuals. These individuals would likely be surprised that some of greatest minds in human history dating back to the time of Aristotle and Plato and continuing through to modern times have viewed democracy differently and haveRead MoreHistorical Events That Took Place During The Classical Period1458 Words   |  6 PagesWorld Literature I Historically Significant Influences of Aristotle During the Classical Period, 500-232 BCE, Greece was at the peak of its political and cultural achievement. This was also a time of war, most noteworthy being the vast empire created by Alexander the Great. In a period containing such an immense amount of historical significance there is no doubting that it had influenced the people born. Notorious philosopher Aristotle is no exception, contributing a great deal to the fields ofRead MoreThe Legacy Of Alexander The Great1596 Words   |  7 Pagesover a decade, and inadvertently may have shaped how the entire world has grown. I believe he perfectly exemplifies the qualities of a person whose leadership and legacy has had great effect. Alexander the Great was born in June in 356 BCE in the ancient capital of Macedon known as Pella. He was the first son of Philip II, the King of Macedon and Olympia, the Princess of Epirus. Alexander gained his father’s astonishing organization skills and his mother’s vehement disposition. When Alexander wasRead MoreGreek Philosophers Bible On The Ancient World And English I2969 Words   |  12 Pages Greek Philosophers by Claire Monaco Bible in the Ancient World and English I Spring 2015 Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle s early lives affected their careers and Greek society, and their deaths and works of literature affected today s society. Socrates started out as a stone mason who eventually devoted most of his time to philosophy. Socrates works of literature reflect his world views and opinions. These opinions had a fatal consequence; heRead MoreAnalysis Of Oedipus The King 1696 Words   |  7 PagesHUMN 1110 1 October 2014 Fatalism in Oedipus the King Tragedy has always been considered the highest form of literature; Oedipus the King is written by Sophocles who is one of the three ancient Greek tragedians, it fully represents the enduring charm of the ancient Greek tragedy, leaving the reader endless thinking. Through Oedipus’ misfortune, Sophocles tries to reveal the cause of their tragedy is ubiquitous and ever-present fate, rather than people themselves, dominates thatRead MoreEssay about Athens, Greece852 Words   |  4 Pages508 B.C., Athens became one of the first societies in ancient times to invent democracy. Democracy came from the Greek words, demos, meaning people, and kratein, meaning to rule. This form of government was usually held in a meeting place, which the Athenians called the Assembly. Here the citizens of Athens met monthly and discussed the affairs of state. There were no decisions made by government without first asking the Assembly. The ancient Athenians were a unique people. They believed that a personRead MoreAppraisal for Democracy by Plato, Aristotle and Thucydides1743 Words   |  7 PagesIn general, we can think of and consider democracy as a system or a structure of government made up of four key pillars. First, as a political system involved in choosing and interchanging the leadership through free and fair voting. The second pillar would be the active involvement of the citizens both in civic life and politics. Third is the safeguarding of the human rights of every citizen. Then finally as rule of law, which apply equally in the society. However, for the purpose of this paperRead MorePlato, An Ancient Greek Philosopher1458 Words   |  6 PagesPlato, an Ancient Greek Philosopher by Carly Rittenmeyer Bible and the Ancient World Spring 2015 Plato, a Greek Philosopher, is known for his writings that impacted people in the Ancient Greek society. He was a free thinker and lived in a free city, Athens. He was taught by multiple teachers including Socrates who was frequently mentioned in his writings as the central character. Plato’s novel, The Republic, influenced the idea of government and shows his views on the world

Wednesday, December 18, 2019

Solutions to the Problem of Domestic Waste Essay - 901 Words

With the economic growth, the living standards of people in Hong Kong become higher and higher. Meanwhile, we are producing more and more waste, especially the domestic waste. According to the Environmental Protection Department (2013), the existing landfills would probably be exhausted one by one by 2020 if the waste level continue to increase at current level ( ¶13). Therefore, we should take action immediately to find a solution so as to deal with the domestic waste problem. To ameliorate the problem, the possible solutions could be building incinerators, enlarging the area for landfills and reducing the amount of domestic waste, with the last one being the best solution. One of the possible solutions might be to build incinerators.†¦show more content†¦However, the solution would only be a short-term method and probably relieve the problem, not solving the problem. First of all, there is insufficient land in Hong Kong that most of the area had been planned for some other special uses so that it would be very difficult to find an appropriate place to launch this plan. Besides, no matter how much we enlarged the landfill sites, the landfill sites would be full one day. It is impossible for us to enlarge the sites continuously and without an end. Again, according to the ‘Not in My Back Yard’ phenomenon, nobody would wish to have a landfill in his district and people living around the existing landfills would feel that is unfair to them if the existing landfills are expanded to work for more years. According to Tien (as cited in Chong, 2013), it will be unfair to Tuen Mun and Ta Kwu Ling people if they need to suffer for the problem brought by everyone in the society. The best solution would be to reduce the amount of domestic waste through ‘reduce’, ‘reuse’, ‘replace’ and ‘recycle’. This method would be the most environmental friendly among the three solutions mentioned because this method does not emitted any poisoned gases and would do the least harm to natural environment. According to the Environmental Protection Department (2012), only 3.02 million tonnes of municipal solid waste were recycledShow MoreRelatedRecycling As A Solution Of Domestic Waste1030 Words   |  5 Pagesas a Solution of Domestic Waste Date Submitted: 2722015 Recycling as a Solution of Domestic Waste 1.Introduction Domestic waste is a common problem in many society and it affects people as well as the environment. The increased amount of the domestic waste in landfills is causing several problems in the environment. Therefore, recycling and reusing could be a valuable solution for these problems. This project will discuss recycling as a solution of domestic waste. ThereRead MoreWater Pollution in the Philippines1282 Words   |  6 Pagesshortages, and extinction of aquatic animals and coral reefs. In this essay, I would like to discuss about three main sources of water pollution in the Philippines and its possible solutions: one, domestic waste; two, agricultural waste; and three, industrial waste. The first reason concerns domestic waste. Domestic waste refers to the organic pollution that usually comes from our houses by generating activities such as using the toilet, doing the laundry, and washing dishes. Unknown to many FilipinosRead MoreHow The Government Can Protect Water From Pollution1631 Words   |  7 Pagesis more than 14% of the total water resources of the world. ( Pakzadeh, 2015) Water pollution is one of the biggest problem of humanity. People pollute the water and thus reduce the clean water sources causing health problems for people, destroying natural beauty and ultimately bringing down the economic system to make life more pathetic. The solution to the water pollution problem in the world is especially in the development of a legislative base, which would allow the government to protect theRead MoreSolutions to the Imminent Land Pollution Problems in Hong Kong1011 Words   |  5 Pagesaverage of 25,000 tonnes of solid waste were disposed of daily becau se of human activities of domestic households, commercial and manufacturing business and construction sites in the territory. This tells an imminent land pollution problem in Hong Kong. To deal with this problem, I discover three solutions. The three possible solutions will be increasing the number of recycling bins, landfill expansion and building more incinerators. The best remedy of the problem of land pollution will be buildingRead MoreShould The Uk Replace Nuclear Power? Essay1375 Words   |  6 Pagestwo main problems about electricity: resources of fossil fuels are running out and countries need to diminish their carbon emissions. Nuclear is seen as the most common alternative. Nuclear currently supplies 19% of the UK’s electricity and 11% in the world (NIA,2015). In the UK, all but one of the current nuclear plants are due to close by 2023. Should the UK replace their nuclear plants by a new generation of nuclear stations? Because of the accidents, costs and problems of nuclear waste, some peopleRead MoreEssay about E-waste Management862 Words   |  4 Pagescome without a direct environmental cost. Toxic waste or electronic waste (e-waste), produced by obsolete electronic products, is growing at an alarming rate, and poses a severe environmental threat. In light of challenges underlined by this new kind of waste, sound management is imperative. Although, America and Asia are economically very different from each other, ironically they do not differ much when it comes to the `mismanagement of e-waste: unsafe disposition practices, lax legislation, andRead MoreGlobal Warming : A Potential Solution1330 Words   |  6 PagesBioremediation: A potential solution to reduce our footprint Industrialized societies are now tormented by several pollution problems that were largely unknown prior to WWII. Prominent among these problems is environmental pollution of xenobiotic synthetic chemicals that fail to be recycled by microorganism and may be biomagnified with destructive effects. Also, deforestation, land conversion, overhunting and the burning of fossil fuels are other human’s activities that impact negatively our ecosystemRead MoreThe Importance Of Sustainability And How It Is The Key For Future Generations1540 Words   |  7 Pagesefficient, sustainable states. Today, many cities are faced with the issue of heavily contaminated and polluted domestic water due to the failure of proper treatment and disposal. This event occurs when pollutants and particulates come into contact and engage with water resources. In Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, residents and local officials continue to debate over the practices of drilling, waste management, and coal mining within their district. These practices are the lead cause to Pittsburgh s poorRead MoreBusiness Strategies of Starbucks664 Words   |  3 PagesAs with domestic operations, Starbucks is expanding overseas using a mix of company-owned stores and franchise operations. Forbes publishes an annual list of the most ethical companies in the world (Smyth, 2012). The list has been published six times, and Starbucks has made the list every time. The companys ethics extend both to its social ethics with respect to employees but also to environmental ethics as well. 2. One simple moral problem that Starbucks is working on is the waste it generatesRead MoreKey Issuses And Potential Solutions For Toxic Waste Disposals1596 Words   |  7 PagesProfessor From: Abdirahman Abbas, student A.A Subject: KEY ISSUSES AND POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS FOR TOXIC WASTE DISPOSALS Here is the report you requested about the keys issues and potential solutions for toxic waste disposals. The report included an analysis of the possible methods that could solve the destructive techniques that are currently not working. It also featured a comparison between different types of solutions. Namely, it compared standard sanitary sites which are unsatisfactory verses good

Tuesday, December 10, 2019

Church Visit Essay Example For Students

Church Visit Essay Catholics go through a cycle of events in their spiritual lives known as the seven sacraments. Although all Catholics can not partake in each sacrament, the majority receive the Holy Eucharist and are baptized as children. The sacraments are the rites of passage in the Catholic faith. Some of the sacraments require proper preparation and knowledge of the ones faith. The seven sacraments include Baptism, Eucharist, Confirmation, Reconciliation, Marriage, Anointing of the Sick, and the Holy Orders. Faith ties the people of God together. We are united through our belief in faith. I see the sacraments as the acceptance of faith in God and of our faith. With all the diversity that exists among Gods people, faith in God and To Chrisitan, Jesus Christ is the being that connects us all as one. He played many roles when he was on this earth and is the incarnation of God. In essence, He is God infleshed. While he was on the earth, some viewed him as a healer. I believe that receiving reconcili ation and the anointing of the sick would require an individual to accept Jesus as the ultimate healer. The Eucharist accepts that Jesus had the ability to turn bread and wine into himself for his people. Receiving the Eucharist is the acceptance of the Last Supper and the symbolic meaning along with it. Jesus Christ is referred to as the anointed. At baptism we are anointed with holy oil to welcome us into the Catholic faith. In confirmation we again, confirm and renew our faith and individually commit to the vows our godparents had spoken for us. Again we are anointed with holy oil, symbolizing the truth of Jesus Christ, the anointed one. The sacraments are a rite of passage among the Christian people. We are all tied to one faith and the sacraments are the links that we tie it all together. Sacraments sometimes required preparation. In preparation of a sacrament, we are taught the underlining faith of Jesus Christ. Through our sacramental practices, we accept and acknowledge the faith of Jesus and who he was. Sacraments bring people of the church together in celebration. These gatherings are common ties among people of faith and their acceptance of God and Jesus. What do catholics and fundamentalist believe about the bible comparison2000-07-04Conversations about the differences and similarities between Fundamentalist and Catholic beliefs usually end up being more like heated debates than conversations. A major difference between the Catholic and the Fundamentalist is how they see the Bible. The source of the Fundamentalists faith is the Bible. But what do the Fundamentalists believe about the Bible? This is the question I am trying to answer for myself. I will present my understanding of the Fundamentalists view of the Bible along with my Catholic view of the Bible. My mission is not to offend, but to open a dialogue between the two views. I know from experience that this is a very touchy topic. The best way to go about conversing with someone of different beliefs, I believe, is to see their belief in its best light. I believe it is important to develop a sense of respect for the variety of ways people experience the divine in the lives. Keep ing that in mind, I give you my interpretation of the Fundamentalist and the Catholic view of the Bible. Both Catholics and Fundamentalists agree that the Bible is a divinely inspired, infallible, and authoritative means for people to know Christ. There are some distinctions between the Catholics and the Fundamentalists view of the Bible. Both Catholics and Fundamentalists believe the Bible to be inspired by God; they believe the Bible to be the Word of God. Fundamentalists place most of their emphasis on God as the author of the bible. They do not pay much attention to the human side of the Bibles authorship. Fundamentalists believe in total word-for-word inspiration of the Bible. The Catholic Church does not teach that God merely dictated words to the human authors of the Bible. To the Catholic the Bible is the Word of God and the work of human beings. Catholics are encouraged to look for the meaning a human writer of a book of the Bible was trying to get across. To really underst and what the writer is telling us, we must know something about the time in which he lived his mode of thinking, and the manners of expression people of his time used. It is difficult to accept the Fundamentalist view of word-for-word inspiration for several reasons. There are no books of the Bible that are the original, autographed works of the authors. Christianity existed hundreds of years before the Bible itself was completed. Many translations of the Bible are not translations at all, but more like interpretations or paraphrases. Translators might imagine what the original author would have written if he had been writing in Modern English, rather than just translating the actual words the original author had written. Fundamentalists and Catholics believe the Bible to be infallible, or free from error. Catholics do not consider the Bible necessarily grammatically, mathematically, or scientifically infallible. Only the message of the Bible is considered to be without error. Funda mentalists take the idea of the Bibles infallibility a step farther with their confidence in Martin Luthers theory of sola scriptura, Latin for scripture alone. The Bible is the Fundamentalists only standard of authority in religion. To the Fundamentalists the Bible is the single source for inspiration, and they will not look to any extrinsic source for authority. The Catholic belief about God and his teachings can be found in the Catechism of the Catholic Church, a statement of the Churchs faith. The Fundamentalist believes he needs no Church to interpret the Bibles meaning because the Bible is clear in its meaning; it interprets itself, and that the Holy Spirit directly interprets the Bible for him. Catholics believe that the Bible does have authority, but that this authority comes from the Church guaranteeing its infallibility. The strongest argument for this would be the fact that the Church wrote the Bible. The Church also defined the Bible by deciding which books made up the B ible as a whole. The Fundamentalist ideas that the Bible is clear, interprets itself, and that the Holy Spirit interprets it directly to him can all be seen as inadequate substitutes for an authoritative, teaching Church. The Bible is not clear. 2 Peter 3:16 reads, . . . there are many things hard to understand that the ignorant and unstable distort to their own destruction, just as they do other scriptures. The Bible does not interpret itself, except for example, when a New Testament author quotes or makes a reference to an Old Testament passage. This happens on numerous occasions. In the Gospel of Matthew (2:11), Jesus says, Behold, I am sending my messenger ahead of you; he will prepare your way before you. These words come from the Old Testament Book of Malachi (3:1). Anyone can claim guidance by the Holy Spirit, as evidenced by the rise of the cult followers of religious leaders such as David Koresh and Jim Jones. However, to rely on personal or private standards of interpretat ion can lead to misunderstandings or even tragic results. The Bible denies itself as being the only source of authority. Again I refer to 2 Peter, verses 20-21, Know this first of all, that there is no prophecy of scripture that is a matter of personal interpretation, for no prophecy ever came through human will; but rather human beings moved by the Holy Spirit under the influence of God. This idea of the Bible not being meant to be interpreted by man alone without the teaching authority of the Church is evident by the hundreds of different Protestant denominations all claiming to be the truth of the Bible. The teaching authority of the Church is needed to guide people in their understanding of the Bible to avoid the unfortunate and often confusing consequences of arbitrary interpretations. The Fundamentalists view the Bible as the single source for inspiration. Catholics look to the Church as a guide in interpreting the Bible. By understanding the Bible as the Word of God as writte n by man to be interpreted in light of the time, manner and mode of thinking in its creation, the Catholic religion allows for a clearer understanding of its meaning. The Purpose of a Liberal Arts Education EssayAs a child, I was quite confused about the concept of religion. For me, religion was believing in God and praying- nothing more, nothing less. As I grew older I realized the reason of my state of confusion- I was practicing two different religions. My mother was raised a Catholic while my father had been raised a Protestant in the United Methodist Church. I was christened in the Catholic church and I attended a Catholic institute for my first year of school. I studied and took part in the Catholic teachings at school as well as attended mass with my family on Saturday nights. The next morning, I would also attend church with my family in a completely different building- the United Methodist Church. I never really questioned this religious lifestyle but I did take note of the differences between the two customs of worship. A couple of years later, my mother converted to a Protestant and I have been a member of the United Methodist Church ever since. Now that I am older, I can significantly see the differences between Protestantism and Catholicism. Whenever I step into a Catholic church, the first thing I notice is the structure of the building and the artwork that adorns the ceilings and walls. The building is very spacious and contains rows and rows of seats that accommodate a large crowd. I noticed that in behind each row of seats were padded bars on which people kneeled during certain parts of the service. In contrast to the United Methodist Church, there are a number of statues that surround the church including a statue of Mary. A very large, wooden crucifix with Jesus on it is positioned in the center of the front wall- the focal point within the church. Throughout the church, a number of intricately designed stained glass windows allow the light from outside to enter. The lighting in the church is quite dim. From this, a solemn and humble setting is felt. Ive been to a lot of Catholic masses and it seems as i f the worship at one church is as identical as the next one. The people seem to simultaneously say and perform gestures (the sign of the cross) without even thinking. I noticed how concentrated the older people were as they participated in the worship. The service also contained a lot of music. A choir situated in the back of the church began the songs and the people would repeat the verse. I thought the choir sang very harmoniously. I very much enjoyed the parts of the service when the choir would sing. I believe that the most important part of the worship service was the Eucharist. The people who took part in the Eucharist looked very concentrated and serious. After receiving the blood and body of Christ, these people prayed intensely on their knees. I did not participate in this part of the service because I didnt feel comfortable for the United Methodist beliefs about Communion are quite different from the Catholic beliefs. It was not hard for me to follow the sequence of the wo rship service. I had been to other churches before and I pretty much knew what came next. I participated as much as I could in the service. I sang and I prayed but I was not able to recite the short phrases and make the gestures within the service. I did not feel lost nor confused but I did feel as if other people knew that I wasnt Catholic because I didnt fully participate in the service. Unfamiliar surroundings can never really be comfortable. I did not feel as welcome as I thought I would be. It seemed as if the people were there just to worship God and didnt exactly acknowledge anyone else. I wasnt really encouraged to participate, instead I felt I should try to participate. I didnt receive the warm reception that I see at my church. In some ways, I felt out of place but I didnt let that feeling get in between my time with God. Between the Catholic church and the United Methodist church, I saw more differences than similarities. The structure of worship is quite similar but the manner at which it was performed is very different. The only prayer used in both churches is the Our Father. The arrangement of the building is also similar as well as the music played. Another similarity is the Priest of the church and the Pastor of my church are both male, however I have been a member of a church where the Pastor was indeed a female. After understanding both worship services, I am able to appreciate religion more. Nowadays it seems as if people go to church for the wrong reasons and others dont even go at all. For me, church is a very important factor in my life. I go to church not only to talk with God, that can be done basically anywhere. I go to church to be with my family and friends- to be a part of a community of people. I feel as if my own faith is strengthened when I see my family praying together. In addition, experiencing a different religion enables me to learn about the different teachings about God which leads to personally enlightening my spiritualit y. Catholics vs. Episcopalians, is there truly a distinction? When I recollect on my religious tradition, Catholicism, I ponder on just how different it is in practice and theology from that of protestant traditions. When examining I came to compare how deeply Catholics and Episcopalians are divided on questions of political and religious leadership? Through research I have concluded that Catholics and Episcopalians are vastly separated in political and religious leadership and this factor is the foremost distinction between the two traditions. Since the establishment of the Episcopalian Church we can see the link between the Church of England and further with the Roman Catholic Church as stated, It was part of the Anglican Communion, formally organized in Philadelphia in 1789 as the successor to the Church of England in the American Colonies. In points of doctrine, worship, and ministerial order, the church descended from and has remained associated with the Church of England. The hist ory of the church began with the first permanent English settlement at Jamestown, Va., in 1607. (Encyclopedia Britannica Online) The establishment of the Episcopalian Church was in fact for political and religious leadership freedom from its ties with The Church of England and in conjunction freedom from the Catholic Church. The differences in church organization are prevalent and are the main distinction between the two traditions. The Episcopalian organization is described as; In the organization of the church, each self-supporting congregation (parish) elects its lay governing board (vestry) for temporal affairs and its rector as spiritual leader. Congregations that are not self-supporting (missions) are directed by the bishop of the area. In a given area the parishes and missions make up a diocese, headed by a bishop. All clergy and laity representing all congregations meet annually in convention to conduct the business of the diocese. The convention elects the bishop to serve u ntil death or retirement. The dioceses and mission districts belong to the General Convention, which meets triennially. All bishops are members of the House of Bishops, and the House of Delegates is made up of equal numbers of clergy and laity. The Executive Council, the administrative agency of the General Convention, is headed by the Presiding Bishop (elected by the House of Bishops), who also presides over the House of Bishops. (Encyclopedia Britannica Online) In contrast the Catholic Churchs political and religious leadership is organized in a manner that follow a distinct order. This order can be grouped by papal authority, the Roman Curia and the college of Cardinals, the college of bishops, ecumenical councils and the priesthood. Catholics also hold the Vatican as the capital for Catholicism and place it as a global leadership source. The study of these two traditions consisted of two visits to St.Johns Episcopal Church and two visits to St.Thomas Moore Catholic Church. The c omparison of these traditions stimulated interest in me due to two factors. First, I am Catholic and have been raised in the Catholic tradition, which stimulates much interest in the Episcopalian tradition. This will allow me to play both roles as an insider when I attend Catholic Church and as an outsider in the Episcopal Church. Secondly, until this religion course I was unaware of the details in the Episcopal Church and wanted to further examine the tradition. In preparation to visit St.Johns Episcopal Church I felt a discomfort due to unknown rituals, physical appearance of the church and its location in the downtown area. I thought a good method of visiting the church would be to invite an Episcopalian friend of mine. He agreed to visit the church with me and addressed the concerns I had in visiting the church. As I soon learned the issues I was concerned about, should not have been a concern at all. I found that the rituals were almost identical to that of the Roman Catholic f aith. Rituals such as spoken prayers, hymns that were sung and receiving communion were done in an almost duplicate manner. I was fortunate enough to visit St.Johns Episcopal Church on two special occasions. On my initial visit they had baptism of newborn infants. This was performed in the same manner as the Catholic method with the exception that Catholics do not perform baptisms during the regular Sunday mass. On my second visit it was Saints Sunday in both traditions. This experience almost leads me to conclude that there was no difference in practicing rituals. Both traditions reflected on given Saints during the mass and explained how one should try to follow the examples of these Saints. The appearance of both churches truly enhanced my experience as a visitor. Visiting these local churches reminded me of the pulchritude I witnessed visiting Catholic churches in Spain this past summer. Both churches are laid out similar in that they are in a T shape. The pulpit was located in the middle where everyone is allowed to view the priest at the pulpit, although if you are seating along the sides, you would have a side view of the mass. The method in which the pews, windows and ceiling were constructed were also arranged similarly. The two noticeable differences were the way the choirs were seated and the absence of a statue of Jesus on the cross. The choir in the Episcopal Church was seated to face each other and was significantly larger in quantity than that of the Catholic Church. After researching why the Episcopalian Church does not have a statue of Jesus on the cross, I was unable to determine the reason, however I thought that it is a notable difference. Being raised in a middle class family, I was accustom to attending church in a casual style wearing jeans and a nice shirt. My expectation of the attire at this particular Episcopal Church followed was correct, formal dress. Everyone in the church was in formal wear, males wore suits, and females wore lon g dresses. This dress phenomenon I do not believe is linked to a particular faith, more to the social class that makes up the church members. One aspects that Catholics seem to appraise more than Episcopalians is the Virgin Mary. It is not that Episcopalians do not recognize the Virgin Mary, however they generally do not hold the caliber of importance as Catholics. In my visits to the Catholic Church, I found statues of the Virgin Mary and people praying over her statue. Other ritual practices which I noted to be different was how Catholics have confession and pray the rosary. Though Episcopalians do not practice confession, it should also be noted that the Catholic Church as changed the magnitude of confession in the late twenty century. I have found that Catholics are adopting the protestant way of belief of forgiveness which has the general idea that God gave us Jesus to have a one-on-one relationship with God through Jesus therefore eliminating the need to confess to a priest. T his argument is quite controversial and will continue to be a topic of discussion for decades. When discussing the use of the rosary to a Episcopalian friend of mine he stated that the tradition does not practice the use of a rosary. This coincides with not having confession, since praying the rosary is often something done after confession. In concluding I would have to say my experience in surveying these different traditions was extremely educational. It is interesting how much one can learn by exposing themselves to other traditions and learning unfamiliar aspects of ones tradition. The research conducted led me to affirm my statement that there is a strong divison on political and religious leadership between these two traditions. However, I must say what intrigued me the most was how similar a protestant tradition is to the Catholic tradition and the only separation being the leadership and politicsThere are several Methodist churches with the United Methodist Church being the most common of all the Methodist churches. The Untied Methodist Church has a certain way of running things, just as every church does. Here are the top ten guidelines to being a United Methodist: 10. We are a church that encourages a strong pulpit. The people come expecting to hear the Gospel of Jesus Christ proclaimed powerfully. 9. We are a church that encourages a strong , warmhearted personal relationship with Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior. Jesus Christ is it at the heart of everything we do. 8. We are a worldwide church. You can find a United Methodist church, mission, school. hospital or clinic in many villages, hamlets, towns or cities around the world. 7. We are an open, inclusive church. Our members come from every culture and every socio- economic group and all are embraced. We have more Asian American and Native- American members than any other denomination. We are second in number of Hispanic- American members. We have more African- American members than several other denominations combined. In addition, we have been at the forefront in encouraging women to give strong leadership in the church and therefore we have more women clergy than any other denomination. 6. We are a giving church. Every person who joins the Unites Methodist Church promises to serve God and support the church with our prayers, our presence, our gifts and our service, and that pledge of loyalty enables us to give generously to benevolence and mission efforts. 5. We are a church with a family spirit. That family spirit enables us to be there for each other in our joys and sorrows from the cradle to the grave. 4. We are a church that owns and operates many colleges, hospitals, childrens homes for the elderly; plus we operate the oldest church-owned publishing house in the world. 3. We are a church that reaches out with deep compassion to help hurting people. Our UM committee on Relief is quickly on the scene all over the world wherever there is a natural disaster or any kind of pain or heartache to provide aid and love and care. 2. We are a church with a great social creed that has been an inspiration to all Christendom. 1. We continue Christs ministry of preaching, teaching, healing and caring. It seems that of all the denominations, the Methodist religion is very accepting. They have homosexual ministers, black ministers, and female ministers. This can be very rare in other denominations. At the General conference not too long ago, the UM church apologized to the blacks for the discrimination they suffered. This is also a rare finding in a church The Methodist religion is different from many others. It seems that its goal for humanity is for everyone to have their own individual relationship or bond with Christ, they prize this more than anything. Even though they are very non discriminating they still have their own set of rules to go by, just as every church does. The Methodist religion is very interesting and somewhat different than what most relig ions are. Bibliography 1. Academic American Encyclopedia. Groiler Incorporated. Danbury, Conneticut. Copyright 1996. 2. http://rylibweb.man.ac.uk/data1/dg/methodist/methchap.h tml.pages 1-4. September 28, 2000 3. http://showcase.netins.net/web/unsource/undoct.html. pages 1-9. September 28, 2000 4. Pamplet: Whats So Great About Being A United Methodist? 5. The United Mehtodist Church on Normandy. 6. Youth Ministry Director at the UM church on Normandy. Personal Interview. 19 October 2000 7. The World Book Encyclopedia. Volume 13. World Book Copyright 2000

Monday, December 2, 2019

Tupac Shakur Essays (1374 words) - Gangsta Rappers,

Tupac Shakur Tupac Shakur Tupac Shakur was a very influential person in 20th century USA. He was born on June 16, 1971 in Brooklyn New York, and died on September 13, 1996 in Las Vegas Nevada (unknown author, no title, no page, letter code C). But his family moved around a lot while he was a kid (Bastin, J.D.). He eventually ended up in the Bay Area California alone and spent his first two years there homeless (unknown author, no title, n.p., letter code D). He grew up with only his mom and loved her very much. He even wrote a song called Dear Mama to his mom and thanked her for how she tried her best at raising him. His public career started when he joined the seminal Bay Area rap ensemble (u.a., "original area," n.p.). He started as a tour dancer but then started rapping live (u.a., "original area," n.p.). From there he released a couple albums and then was offered to be in some movies. He became friends with a couple of popular rap artists like Snoop Doggy Dogg and Dr. Dre (Placid n.p.). He made some songs and music videos with them that made it big on the Billboard charts. This really helped his popularity. He released a double CD with the songs on it and a lot of his own songs and sold millions of copies (u.a., n.t., n.p. letter code D) More people were influenced to buy his CD. People listened to the music and did what he said he did. So Tupac was influencing all of these people. Tupac was rich and famous now. He was showing off his own style now and didn't need his popular friends. This is the time that many people saw the real Tupac and loved him. He was now very influential to fans. They wanted to be just like him. He starred in more movies and could be who he really was. He did a lot of interviews that showed his beliefs. He said self esteem and self respect was very important and said "I feel as though I am a shining prince just like Malcolm and feel that all of us are shining princes, and if we live like shining princes, then whatever we want can be ours. Anything." (Patrick, Tony, n.p.) And when he says all of us, he means all men. He also said he doesn't care if someone is white or black. And no one can be judged by their skin. "So just because it's Black don't mean it's cool, and just because it's White don't mean it's evil."(Patrick, Tony n.p.) If he judged a man, he judged them by what they do to or how they treat others. Tupac wasn't racis! t against any body. And he showed that. I've seen him treat everyone equal that I see him with on TV or even on movies. This is an influence because since people want to be like him, they will follow his beliefs. And if Tupac believes in non-racism, then the people will believe in that too. This is a big difference from him and other rap artists. A lot of others are racist to different people, and the different people then don't like him, don't listen to his music, don't see his movies, and aren't influenced by him. Almost all races listen to Tupac's music. I've known Mexican, White, Black, Asian, Indian, and even Pakistani people who listened to his music and are influenced and are moved by him. I've even saw a show in Singapore about music here and a Singaporean kid said he listens to Tupac. Tupac has a lot of self-values that he follows. He even said it's hard sometimes, but he keeps it up. He said "To me it's really troubling because I look over what's successful - Marky Mark, Hammer, Vanilla Ice, New Kids on the Block selling twenty-two million copies, and I want that so badly, but I can't do that. I would be wrong to do that, knowing what I know and having the brain that I have, for me to even go and write some simple shit would be wrong even though I would get paid and I would get more people's money." (Patrick, Tony, n.p.) This means that Tupac has a strong will and values. He resisted the temptation to write some easy rhyming words and get peoples money. He instead followed his values and worked up to his potential. He says he also believes in Karma (Bastin, J.D., n.p.). That what comes around

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Rewards and Opportunties essays

Rewards and Opportunties essays I think that politicians would want to advocate themselves as well as the society which we live in as mostly middle-class because to a certain extent we are and that is where the votes come in. Also it is the standard to be middle-class because it is comfortable and therefore it should seem ideal as if no one should complain. Though it seems as if Mantsios is giving us a lot of data and observations, through this information we see that he clearly is bias against the wealthy when he insinuates that they control the money and the power. He says, People are poor because they have no money and no power to acquire money. The wealthy are rich because they have both. He goes on to say that our pride is a false pride and criticizes the system of education in the united states saying that it leaves much to be desired and is far from egalitarian. Throughout the essay he focuses on the inequality in America and uses irony to emphasize it. 2. Mantsios makes an interesting assertion regarding the media. He claims that the media perpetuate stereotypes which have an influence on our society. I believe this is true and further that the influences are not only substantial but extremely significant. The media (like wealthy individuals) determined how they tell the story of the life we are living today. This gives them control. It is obvious that the media have an influence on us and our beliefs. So, as Mantsios claims, television is such a huge network in the united stated and essentially presents a view and an accurate one at that of where everyone is in terms of class. It also stereotypes categories as to middle class, and minorities. It classifies different American families and indirectly encourages Americans to try and place themselves within specific categories. So in a sense I think that the media is hurting the problem which affects America. The decreasing middle-class size. ...

Saturday, November 23, 2019

hitler and germany essays

hitler and germany essays Adolf Hitler, one of the 20th century's most powerful dictators, was born on April 20, 1889 in Braunau am Inn, Austria-Hungary. He first became interested in politics after witnessing a large protest by German workers. Finding the outbreak of World War I as an opportunity to show his loyalty to Germany, Hitler volunteered for the Imperial Army. Later faced with fierce resistance from the British and French armies and an economy in ruins, German generals requested armistice negotiations with the Allies in November 1918. Hitler and the German soldiers found it impossible to swallow defeat (History Place). Because he believed that the Jews betrayal caused their defeat, Hitler acquired a hatred for socialism and came to equate it with the Jews. He held that the superior Aryan race would be the final victor and would rule the world, but to win this struggle, Germany would have to be ruled by a dictator and would have to have hatred for all other inferior races, especially the Jews. It wa s then that his extreme dislike for the Jews developed (Encarta). After the war in March 1918, Hitler was employed by a Munich army to keep tabs on the racist German Workers Party, later changing its name to the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP). After speaking at a meeting held by this organization he amazed the crowd with his speech in outlining the political platform of the organizations Twenty Five Points, which included the union of all Germans, the exclusion of citizenship of anyone other than a German, and a strong central government, thus gaining recognition as a prominent leader. Hitler seized the moment and announced he would return on the condition that he was made chairman and given dictatorial powers. Hitler and the Nazis created a plot in which they would kidnap the leaders of the Bavarian government forcing them at gunpoint to accept him as thei ...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Critically review one concept or practice that has been applied in one Essay

Critically review one concept or practice that has been applied in one aspect of tourism management ( - Essay Example To ensure the survival of travel agents, technology must become a significant tool featured in the forthcoming business strategy ascertaining their competitiveness. Therefore, technology is a threat, while at the same time, an opportunity since it is necessary for travel agencies in readjusting to the latest realities. As a result, re-intermediation through the Internet, along with Interactive Digital Television, brings about the potential opportunities for innovative participants who utilize the up and coming tools. Therefore, after reading the two journals on the argument for and against disintermediation of the distribution channel in tourism, this article examines the leading Internet trends regarding the travel industry (Josà ©, Salastiano & Josà © 2008, p.79). Furthermore, it puts into consideration strategies applicable by travel agents in ensuring their future survival. For a long time now, tourism and technology have proved to be a couple that is highly compatible. The character of service distribution spins around the concept of intangibility, as well as perishability, thus, the manner whereby communication of information happens to be extremely beneficial. In the past, in the tourism sector, this task has vastly been assumed by the travel agent operating as the brokers of information between services’ supplier and consumers. Therefore, travel agent was the early beneficiary of advancements in technology like the CRS and GDS. In the recent past, advancements in Internet distribution and particularly e-commerce, are threatening to assume the responsibility of these systems. The function of the travel agent was acting as a go between, as well as retailer, whereby they were selling travel services for a commission on behalf of principals. They also had an enormous function as advisers for consumers, as well as providers of

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Reagan's Economic Policies Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reagan's Economic Policies - Term Paper Example Besides, presidential policies are sometimes informed by the desire to discover new idea or to carry on the legacy of the American founders.1 Policies by respective presidential candidates greatly determine if they will win the elections or not; in other words, the electorates vote for a particular candidate based on the belief that his policies will propel America to greater heights of prosperity, as well as promoting national and international safety and security. Throughout the American history, the persons who have graced presidency have had various policies that have had positive and negative impacts to the country. It is well-known fact that these policies have been entrenched in the country’s history and defines each presidency that has existed. This paper will consider the President Ronald Reagan’s policies and actions concerning economic policies and his policies on the air traffic strike in particular. President Ronald Reagan was in office between 1981 and 198 9. He took office in 1981 in the wake of the worst recession since the Great Depression and he was determined to turn around America’s economic fortune. This desire was evident in his inaugural address where he articulated his intention to make the government work. In the address he said â€Å"In the days ahead, I will propose removing the roadblocks that have slowed our economy and reduced productivity.†2 His economic policies became so endeared within the broader America’s economic policies; these policies actually earned the tag of â€Å"Reaganomics.† These policies were aimed at attempting to change the United States economic policy’s course. The economic policies were contained under the Reagan’s Program for Economic Recovery of 1981 which had four main policy objectives: to reduce the government spending growth; to reduce regulation; to reduce inflation through the control of the growth of the money supply; and to reduce the marginal t ax rates on income from capital and labor. These policy objectives were expected to increase investment and saving, balance the budget, reduce interest rates and inflation, restore healthy financial markets, and increasing economic growth.3 It is imperative to understand the historical context that informed Reagan’s economic policy. This historical context not is critical in understanding what exactly was motivating President Reagan towards pushing for his economic policies. As it will be seen from the historical context, Reagan was consciously working within the Constitutional provisions and he was seeking to advance a particular great cause which was to rejuvenate America’s economy. Prior to the administration of President Reagan, the economy of the United States had experienced a decade of increasing inflation and unemployment which was popularly known as â€Å"stagflation.† His immediate predecessors had favoured stimulus that were resulting to money supply expansion. Reagan’s approach to stagflation that was facing the United States was to depart from his the approach used by his immediate predecessors.4 Reagan intended to reduce the growth of government. His policies was based on the supply side economics theory which states that tax cuts encourages expansion of the economy to eventually widen the tax base. To achieve this, he stated his intention of increasing defense spending while at the same time reducing taxes. He enacted lower rates of marginal tax in

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Comparison of Associate Degree and Bsn Essay Example for Free

Comparison of Associate Degree and Bsn Essay There are three pathways to become a Registered Nurse (RN) the first is a diploma nurse which consist of one to three years training in a hospital these nurses are strongest clinically since the training is usually hospital based. The other two choices are the Associate Degree Nurse (ADN) and the Baccalaureate Degree Nurse (BSN) all of these graduates are eligible to take the NCLEX-RN licensing exam. This paper will discuss the differences in the competency levels between the ADN and BSN. The Associate Degree Nursing program provides an efficient, economical pathway to becoming a registered nurse. Graduates are competent in clinical and proficient in technical skills required to practice safely in multiple settings and to fully assume the RN role. Associate Degree Programs began in 1952 at Fairleigh Dickinson University. This type of nurse is usually educated at community colleges and completes training in twenty to twenty-four months after pre-requisites are met. The facts would suggest that ADN has less theory and more clinical training and according to the American Association of Colleges of Nursing-Fact Sheet â€Å"Creating a More Highly Qualified Nursing Workforce† is less likely to notice a critical change in patient condition. The BSN completes their four years of education at the University level training is more focused on patient outcomes and nursing theories. Receiving more theoretical training they are better prepared for management. Also multiple studies show that due to their assessing, critical thinking,communication, leadership, case management, health promotion and their ability to practice across a variety of inpatient and outpatient settings the BSN trained RN has a lower mortality rate and better survival rates for patient resuscitation. (AACN Fact Sheet 2011) At the University of Pennsylvania it was found that surgical patients in Magnet hospitals had 14% lower odds of patient death, 12% lower failure-to-rescue rates when compared with non-Magnet hospitals. This improved outcome was attributed to the higher proportion of baccalaureate prepared nurses on staff. The Journal of Nursing Scholarship published an article in January 2011, researchers found that nurses with baccalaureate education levels had an impact on lowering patient mortality and failure-to-rescue rates. (AACN, 2012) To date it is not sure why advance training improves patient safety and saves lives RNs report a transformative experience when returning for their Baccalaureate degree with changed perspectives about nursing practice and finally seeing the big picture. Post BSN RNs noticed changes in the way they practiced nursing and in knowledge and professionalism they also reported becoming better patient advocates RNs reported noticing subtle changes in their perceptions which included changes in thinking, reasoning and questioning skills. (Whats all the Fuss; http://www. nsna. org/careercenter/fuss. aspx). Having a BSN opens more employment opportunities in 2005 the Department of Veteran’s Affairs began requiring all new hires to possess at least a BSN degree. (AACN 2013). And soon many more hospitals will be requiring the BSN degree. In time we may even see the passing of the ADN. As one of the most dynamic professions nursing requires us to keep our educational knowledge current and progressive to continually meet the ever changing needs of patients to provide excellent care. In 2007 the American Association of Colleges of Nursing based on the Institute of Medicines (IOM) report, â€Å" To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health System†, found that most errors were due to system and process problems and felt that BSN and higher educated nurses were better prepared to find solutions because of the curriculum emphasis on leadership and management. (AACN, 2007) The BSN prepared RN has the educational knowledge to excel in leadership and management, wellness and community nursing. The need for higher education is required as the nurse role increasingly becomes more autonomous and as society depends more on the RN to complement the Physician shortage our nation is facing. The baccalaureate degree also leads to higher level graduate degree programs, which greatly benefits the health system. Overall in my opinion each type of nursing degree diploma, ADN or BSN contributes in its own way to the workforce environment. By bringing different aspects of nursing, they all provide quality patient care and become leaders in the workplace. Yet, ADN programs offer an affordable means to access the nursing profession and  offer the nation its largest population of RN’s. For those with adult responsibilities it gives one of the most flexible ways to earn their degree by use of LVN to ADN to BSN ladder of education. References: 1. (2011). Conceptual foundations: the bridge to professional nursing practice . (5 ed. ). Pageburst. 2. American Association of Colleges of Nursing. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. aacn. nche. edu/media-relations/EdImpact. pdf Fact Sheet: The Impact of Education on Nursing Practice 3. Fulcher, R. , Mullin, C. M. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. aacc. nche. edu/Publications/Briefs/Documents/2011-02PBL_DataDrivenNurses. pdf 4. AACN. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. aacn. nche. edu/publications/position/bacc-degree-prep The Baccalaureate Degree in Nursing as Minimal Preparation for Professional Practice 5. Orsolini-Hain, L. (n. d. )Retrieved from http://www. nsna. org/CareerCenter/Fuss. aspx What’s all the Fuss? Working Towards a Baccalaureate or Graduate Degree in Nursing 6. Robert, R. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. aacn. nche. edu/media-relations/fact-sheets/nursing-fact-sheet 7. Rosseter, R. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. aacn. nche. edu/media-relations/fact-sheets/nursing-workforce.

Friday, November 15, 2019

Essay --

3) There are many causes of child labour, but the biggest cause is money. People build factories in poor areas so that it would attract cheap labour which are the children that they target. Another cause is the lack of protection from the government; the businesses help the economy grow and make the country successful. If the government stops child labour, then the businesses may threaten to move to another country that would also welcome the chance to look good. The government is too greedy and is willing to put children’s lives in danger. Poverty is another reason for child labour. The many that are poor do not have enough money to support their children, so they do not send their children to school. The majority of people don’t have a house to live in, and they don’t have enough money to buy food. So since they don’t go to school, parents send them to work, or they sell their child for money. 4) Child labour effects the knowledge, economy and condtions of the children. When parents are in need of money, they stop their kids from going school and send them to work. The children the...

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Contemporary Issues in Management Essay

Coursework Header Sheet 179236-102 Course Coursework Tutor BUSI1475: Contemporary Issues in Mngt Essay G Symon Course School/Level Assessment Weight Submission Deadline BU/UG 50. 00% 01/04/2011 Coursework is receipted on the understanding that it is the student's own work and that it has not, in whole or part, been presented elsewhere for assessment. Where material has been used from other sources it has been properly acknowledged in accordance with the University's Regulations regarding Cheating and Plagiarism.Tutor's comments As agreed with Dr Symon Grade For Office Use Only__________ Awarded___________ Moderation required: yes/no Tutor______________________ Final Grade_________ Date _______________ The considerations of going global and operating in countries that sanction the use of child labour. Introduction As a rule child labour is typically defined as the abuse of children within a work environment (Payne, 2006). According to Payne (2006) child labour can be recognised in num erous countries around the world.In 2006 a report produced by the International Labor Organisation (ILO) proclaimed that there were an estimated 166 million children between the ages of 5 and 14 years who were categorised as child workers (Dinopoulos & Zhao, 2007). Payne (2006) asserts that there are several motives surrounding the reason why children work, with one of the main reasons being poverty. However it is assumed that parents would only expect their children to work in order to support the family financially (Luetge, 2005). Subsequently, Dinopoulos and Zhao (2007) state that child labour is mainly deemed to be unacceptable.In many incidences this is due to the unhealthy and hazardous conditions that the children are forced to work in (Dinopoulos & Zhao, 2007). Additionally and just as importantly the obvious obstruction of a child? s path to an education could be viewed as an unacceptable factor of child labour (Dinopoulos & Zhao, 2007). Luetge (2005) views child labour fro m an economic standpoint, stating that as organisations can afford to exchange child workers with adult workers, most well developed countries now regard child labour as unnecessary.Through the use of customer boycotts and the introduction of international labour standards to decrease employment opportunities, it can be viewed that attempts have been made to cease the use of child workers (Edmonds & Pavcnik, 2005). However there is principally nothing to position the eradication of the use of child workers in and around the world (Edmonds & Pavcnik, 2005). With this subject in mind, this essay will seek to look at the concerns that managers need to consider when going global and manufacturing in countries that sanction the use of child labour.This essay will firstly evaluate what impact globalisation has on poorer societies and whether this strategy has a negative or positive influence on the occurrence of child labour. Following on from this, the essay will assess if the use of chi ld labour is in fact ethical and moral by using the utilitarist, relativist and imperialist perspectives. After examining if child labour can be viewed as ethical, this essay will look towards evaluating to what level a corporation should be held socially responsible.Finally, this essay will consider the cultural differences that need to be taken into account when operating multi nationally. Globalisation If an organisation elects to take the business global, there are several issues that need to be considered. For example, when operating in a country that sanctions the use of child labour, will the company have an impact on increasing or decreasing the incidence of child labour (Sethi, 2006)? According to Page 2 Date 15. 04. 11 Submitted with Extenuating CircumstancesDinopoulos and Zhao (2007) there is a substantial amount of literature surrounding the topics of economics and child labour. However there is only a limited amount of literature that links child labour directly to glob alisation (Dinopoulos & Zhao, 2007). Subsequently, there has been much debate in regards to globalisation and its effects on developing countries (Kis-Katos, 2007). More specifically questions can be raised into whether globalisation increases or decreases the incidence of child labour (Kis-Katos, 2007).According to Mullins (2007) globalisation is defined as the integration of organisations that trade and contend in a worldwide economy. It has been supposed by Meyer (2000) cited Clegg et al (2008) that employees benefit from organisations going global. A strong argument has been put forward that globalisation leads to the creation of wealth and prosperity among the participating nations (Sethi, 2006). Additionally, many economists consider that increases in trade can have an influential impact into eliminating child labour (Kis-Katos, 2007).Following on from this, Edmonds and Pavcnik (2005) state that globalisation generates a greater demand for adult labour in the participating cou ntries and can increase families? salaries in a way that decreases the incidence of child labour. As outlined by Dinopoulos and Zhao (2007) children mainly work to aid and support their families who are living in impoverished conditions. With this in mind, Bratton and Gold (2007) propose that through globalisation society? s benefit from higher living standards and the eradication of poverty.Although there may be positive aspects of globalisation, many academics have put forward the argument that globalisation has negative outcomes for the participating societies. In contrast to the beliefs of Edmonds and Pavcnik (2005), Timlon (2011) states that globalisation increases the incidence of child labour, by raising the demands for goods produced by children. Sethi (2006) concurs with this view and states that companies maximise their revenues and make use of cheap, unskilled and abundant labour, often in the form of children.Following on from this, it is believed that poorer countries h ave to also struggle with environmental poverty through heightened industrial activity and a lack of sufficient resources as a result of globalisation (Sethi, 2006). Overall, globalisation is said to have a negative impact on poorer societies, through increased poverty, crime and the alienation of local businesses and trade (Clegg et al, 2008). Ethics After assessing the issues surrounding globalisation and its effects on the incidence of child labour, it is imperative to decide if he use of child labour is in fact unethical and immoral. According to Bratton and Gold (2007) ethics can be defined as the moral codes and principles that direct the behaviour of groups or individuals in regards to what is right or wrong. Throughout literature there has been much debate surrounding the area of ethics and child labour (French & Wokutch, 2005). Subsequently, many people have judged child labour to be an infringement of children? s rights and Page 3 Date 15. 04. 11 Submitted with Extenuating Circumstances believe that it is morally wrong (French & Wokutch, 2005).As a consequence child labour has progressed to be one of the leading topics in the area of international business ethics (French & Wokutch, 2005). As stated by Luetge (2005) although the structure of society has been transformed over the years, ethical concepts have remained the same. Therefore despite the disputes over the ethics of child labour, it is still imperative to apply concepts to consider what is ethically right or wrong (Buller et al, 2000). To distinguish whether the use of child labour can be viewed as ethical and moral the utilitarist, relativist and the imperialist views of ethics will be assessed.The Kantian view of utilitarianism is based around reason, intention and duty (Carrigan et al, 2005). It is supposed by Kant that businesses should exist to fulfil the needs of society and organisations have an ethical responsibility to deliver benefits back to the public (Carrigan et al, 2005; Zekos, 2004). With this view in mind, it could be perceived that organisations are acting ethically as they are providing poorer societies with much needed employment. John Stuart Mill? s view of ethics is also categorised under the term of utilitarianism (Carrigan et al, 2005).This concept looks towards the greatest good for the greatest number, by increasing pleasure and decreasing the total amount of pain (Carrigan et al, 2005; Luetge, 2005). Therefore if the use of child workers means that the most people are receiving the most happiness, then this act can be viewed as ethically correct (Mullins, 2007). When looking at the relativist standpoint it can be viewed that ethics are based around the social norms of the society that they are exercised in (Carrigan et al, 2005). According to Galbreath (2006) there are no sets of worldwide ethical tandards and there can be numerous interpretations of ethical beliefs and moral norms. As stated by Edmonds and Pavcnik (2005) and Payne (2006) the use of child labour in many poorer countries is seen as necessary and ethical. However if an organisation does choose to look at child labour from a relativist viewpoint, they need to be aware that many people within the wealthier societies disapprove of this behaviour and in turn they can feel that the use of child labour is unethical (Luetge, 2005). These beliefs are generated because it is assumed that organisations can afford to exchange child labour with adult labour (Mullins, 2007).As a consequence of this, people from wealthier countries can afford to stop purchasing goods made by children and boycott companies that sanction the use of child labour (Nielsen, 2005). According to Buller et al (2000) imperialism is when the host country? s ethical values and norms are applied to every country the company operates in. As it is wrong to even contemplate the use of child labour in the production of goods in many well developed countries, such as the UK, the host country would be se en to be operating unethically, if they were to sanction the use of child labour under the imperialistic stance (French , 2005).Page 4 Date 15. 04. 11 Submitted with Extenuating Circumstances Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) After evaluating the ethics of child labour using the utilitarianist, relativist and imperialist perspectives, it is crucial to understand to what length a company is socially responsible and to whom it is actually responsible for (Kanji & Chopra, 2010). Corporate social responsibility is a vital corporate notion and in a world of heighten globalisation can be located among many large organisations within many countries throughout the world (Welford, 2005).According to Holmes and Watts (2000) cited Barrett (2009) CSR is defined as an obligation made by an organisation to act ethically to improve the economy alongside the quality of family life and society as a whole. Additionally, CSR means that organisations must concentrate on maximising profits, obeying the law and being aware of the ethics and customs of the individual societies (Demacarty, 2009). According to Kanji and Chopra (2010) CSR is also identified as; corporate responsibility, corporate performance, corporate citizenship and sustainable responsible business.As outlined by Kanji and Chopra (2010) CSR can be seen to have many benefits for organisations and is now considered to be a crucial instrument in promoting and enhancing the public image of some of the world? s leading organisations. Following on from this, Carbone (2008) states that by organisations displaying their corporate social responsibilities they can build up a good reputation and obtain loyal customers. In agreement Kanji and Chopra (2010) believe that by building a culture based on ethical values and shared beliefs organisations generate a loyal base of customers.However despite these benefits it is important to recognise to what limit individual organisations should be held socially responsible (Kanji & Ch opra, 2010). Furthermore, stronger and clearer roles and responsibilities need to be established for global organisations in relation to developing countries around the world (Payne, 2006). There are several issues surrounding the area of CSR and corporations individual responsibility (Clegg et al, 2008).In line with traditional views, the neo-classical economist Friedman states that the only responsibility a company has to its stakeholders is to avoid harm (Alzola, 2008). Accordingly, Friedman goes on to say that the firm should have no part in aiding or helping any other party, as the corporation owes society nothing (Alzola, 2008; Clegg et al, 2008). Additional to this, followers of Friedman express that the firm? s only aim should be to make profit for its owners and only pay attention to their shareholders (French, 2007; Palmer & Hartley, 2006).When looking at the traditional view of CSR and child labour, it could be supposed that as long as the children are coming to no harm t he organisation is upholding its social responsibility. In a more contemporary and humanist view, Tonn (2008) argues that CSR should include factors such as; ethics, environmental issues, corporate governance and employee and product safety. In line with this Kanji and Chopra (2010) declare that CSR should concern itself with; fair trading and giving back Page 5 Date 15. 04. 11 Submitted with Extenuating Circumstances o the community, as well as safeguarding and sustaining the global environment. Overall, with the concerns of globalisation and its effects on poorer societies, organisations must show that they are acting responsibly and are accountable to all of their stakeholders including child workers (Payne, 2006). Echoing this belief, Mullins (2007) goes on to state that in order for organisations to satisfy their goals and sustain profit they need to consider their external environment. It has been proposed that organisations inadvertently have an effect on the quality of life and the wellbeing of society (Mullins, 2007).As a result of this, businesses have an economic responsibility to all of their stakeholders including; investors, employees and customers (Kanji & Chopra, 2010). Cultural Differences If a company does decide to operate in a country that sanctions the use of child labour, it is still vital to look at the cultural differences within that society to ensure that the workforce culture is understood and workers are managed effectively (Banfield & Kay, 2008). Culture can be best explained as the divided beliefs, principles and understandings that determine one group from another (Banfield & Kay, 2008).Schein (1997) cited Clegg et al (2008) define organisational culture as the basic principles and norms that are shared by the company? s affiliates. According to Palmer and Hartley (2006) organisational cultural values are a combination of factors such as: how work is planned and practiced; how authority is distributed; how people are compensated and managed and the roles and expectations of employees and employers. Additionally, national culture is the referral of one nation? s features to another (Capon, 2004).According to Pitta et al (1999) it is essential for managers to understand the ethics of the cultures when operating and managing in unfamiliar societies. Janssen (2007) cited Timlon (2011) states that managers need to take into account factors such as; the law, families, religious beliefs, cultural influences and national culture overall. Additional to these beliefs, Adler (1983) proposes that managers need to be aware of the differences across cultures. These aspects can include; concern for time, displays of emotion and an inability to cope with uncertainty (Alder, 1983).A continuation of this view was generated by Hofstede, who formulated and identified five different dimensions of culture (Mullins, 2007). The five dimensions are; power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism/ collectivism, masculinity and long term verses short term orientation (Mullins, 2007). As outlined by Ararat (2008) power distance is defined as the level in which power is distributed. For example, people within a high power distance culture will accept that power is unequally distributed (Ararat, 2008).Additional to this, individualism focuses on the proposition that individuals are self-orientated (Moorij & Hofstede, 2010). Whilst collectivism interests itself with people who are mindful of others and care for their team in an exchange for loyalty (Moorij & Hofstede, 2010). Following on from this, masculinity concerns itself with principles such as performance and accomplishment and femininity looks at ideas such as the value of life (Moorij & Page 6 Date 15. 04. 11 Submitted with Extenuating Circumstances Hofstede, 2010). According to Migliore (2011) uncertainty avoidance is defined as people? s adverse feelings to change.For example, within a high uncertainty avoidance culture there will be a large prefere nce towards formality and rigid structures (Migliore, 2011). Finally, long term verses short term orientation looks at the level of future orientation of the culture and their fondness for tradition and short term points of view (Moorij & Hofstede, 2010). Being aware of cultural differences can have positive effects on organisations, as it allows for the effective management of diverse employees (French, 2007). According to Rosenblatt (2011) if cultural differences are managed correctly organisations can obtain a competitive advantage over their opponents.Furthermore, through globalisation and cultural awareness, multinational organisations (MNOs) have been able to incorporate various value systems and develop shared global work ethics to produce an environment where employees are able to connect and organise their activities in order to meet the aims and objectives (Erez & Drori, 2009 cited Rosenblatt, 2011). Finally, Pitta et al (1999) believes that by appreciating the cultural de viations, westernised organisations are able to forecast what worldwide stakeholders expect.If companies choose to ignore the cultural differences of the different societies then this could have a negative impact on the organisation (Pitta et al, 1999). It has been articulated by Pitta et al (1999) that conflict can occur if companies do not understand and respect the cultural differences of the participating countries. Furthermore, Migliore (2011) expresses that the lack of knowledge and understanding for individual and group social norms can have a detrimental effect on performance levels. Ultimately, if cultural factors and differences are not onsidered, this can lead to the failure of an organisation (Pitta et al, 1999). Recommendations When looking to make recommendations to managers it is important that they are aware of the positive and negative effects that globalisation can have on poorer societies and the incidence of child labour. According to Sethi (2006) organisations n eed to ensure they maintain the internal and external environments of societies. It could be supposed that by taking these concerns into account, organisations can reduce the negative effects that globalisation has on poorer societies.From viewing the evidence consolidated in this essay, a strong argument has emerged that even if companies are acting ethically by condoning the use of child labour, wealthier countries will still disapprove of these acts (Luetge, 2005). This is turn can have negative impacts on organisations (Nielsen, 2005). In regards to CSR, recommendations could be made for CSR to include all stakeholders in all of the operating countries. Carbone (2008) states that CSR can aid the organisation? s reputation and can help Page 7 Date 15. 04. 11 Submitted with Extenuating Circumstances to build a loyal base of customers.Subsequently, CSR has been seen to have positive effects on poorer societies through the reduction of poverty, child labour and environmental polluti on (Payne, 2006). According to Timlon (2011) managers need to take many factors into account when managing across different cultures. It could be recommended to managers that in order to manage effectively and succeed they need to understand and respect cultural differences (French, 2007). To accomplish this, managers could apply Hofstede? s five dimensions of culture to identify the cultural preferences and differences across the operating countries.Conclusion In conclusion this essay has assessed the aspects that need to be considered when going global and operating in countries that sanction the use of child labour. This essay discussed the key arguments surrounding the topics of globalisation and child labour. It was discovered that there were contradictory views on whether globalisation increases or decreases the incidence of child labour. Following on from this, the essay examined if child labour could be deemed to be ethical and moral using the utilitarianism, relativism and imperialism perspectives. Although the rguments are not clear cut, modern wealthier societies would have us believe that any use of child labour is unethical and unnecessary (French & Wokutch, 2005; Luetge, 2005). This essay also deliberated to what level a company should be held socially responsible and who should be covered by CSR. It could be believed that organisations CSR should include all stakeholders, and go beyond the traditional perspectives, by looking to safeguard and improve employee? s well-being as well as the global environment. Furthermore, this essay also considered the implications of managing across cultures.It was proposed that managers need to be aware of the differences across cultures (Adler, 1983). One way of identifying these differences, is by using Hofstede? s theory on the dimensions of culture (Mullins, 2007). Finally, this essay offered recommendations that managers could use when looking to go global in countries that sanction the use of child labour. Page 8 Date 15. 04. 11 Submitted with Extenuating Circumstances References Adler, N. (1983), â€Å"Cross-cultural management research: the ostrich and the trend†, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 8 No. 2, p226-32 Alzola.M, (2008), „When urgency matters. On non-discretionary corporate social responsibility? , Human Systems Management, Vol. 27, Issue 3, p273-282 Ararat. M, (2008), „A Development Perspective for â€Å"Corporate Social Responsibility† : Case of Turkey? , Corporate Governance, Vol. 8, No. 3, p271-285 Banfield. P and Kay. R, (2008), Introduction to Human Resource Management, Oxford, Oxford University Press Barrett. D, (2009), „Corporate Social Responsibility and Quality Management Revisited? , Journal for Quality & Participation, Vol. 31, Issue 4, p24-30 Bratton. J and Gold.J, (2007), Human Resource Management; Theory and Practice, 4th Ed, Hampshire, Palgrave MacMillan Buller. P, Kohls. J and Anderson. K, (2000), „When Ethics Colli de: Managing Conflicts Across Cultures? , Organizational Dynamics, Vol. 28, No. 4, p52-56 Capon. C, (2004), Understanding Organisational Context: Inside & Outside Organisations, 2nd Ed, Harlow, Pearson Education Limited Carbone. J, (2008), „Buyers Audit Suppliers? Ethics? , Purchasing, Vol. 137, Issue 11, p58-61 Carrigan. M, Marinova. S and Szmigin. I, (2005), „Ethics and International Marketing? , International Marketing Review, Vol. 22, No. , p481-493 Clegg. S, Kornberger. M and Pitsis. T, (2008), Managing & Organisations: An Introduction to Theory and Practice, 2nd Ed, London, SAGE Publications Limited Demacarty. P, (2009), „Financial Returns of Corporate Social Responsibility, and the Moral Freedom and Responsibility of Business Leaders? , Business & Society Review, Vol. 114, Issue 3, p393-433 Dinopoulos. E and Zhao. L, (2007), „Child Labor and Globalization? , Journal of Labor Economics, Vol. 25, Issue 3, p553-579 Edmonds. E and Pavcnik. N, (2005), †žChild Labor in the Global Economy? , Journal of economic Perspectives, Vol. 9, Issue 1, p199-220 French. R, (2007), Cross-Cultural Management in Work Organisations, London, Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development French. L and Wokutch. R, (2005), „Child Workers, Globalization, and International Business Ethics: A Case Study in Brazil? s Export-Oriented Shoe Industry? , Business Ethics Quarterly, Vol. 15, Issue 4, p615-640 Galbreath. J, (2006), „Corporate Social Responsibility Strategy: Strategic Options, Global Considerations? , Corporate Governance, Vol. 6, No. 2, p175-187 Page 9 Date 15. 04. 11 Submitted with Extenuating Circumstances Kanji.G and Chopra. P, (2010), „Corporate social responsibility in a global economy? , Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, Vol. 21, Issue 2, p119-143 Kis-Katos. K, (2007), „Does globalization reduce child labor , Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, Vol. 16, Issue 1, p71-92 Luetge. C, ( 2005), „Economic ethics, business ethics and the idea of mutual advantages? , Business Ethics: A European Review, Vol. 14, Issue 2, p108-118 Migliore. L, (2011), „Relation between big five personality traits and Hofstede? s cultural dimensions: Samples from the USA and India? Cross Cultural Management: A n International Journal, Vol. 18, Issue 1, p38-54 Moorij. M and Hofstede. G, (2010), ‘The Hofstede Model', International Journal of Advertising, Vol. 29, Issue 1, p85-110 Mullins. L, (2007), Management and Organisational Behaviour, 8th Ed, Harlow, Pearson Education Limited Nielsen. M, (2005), „The politics of corporate responsibility and child labour in the Bangladeshi garment industry? , International Affairs, Vol. 81, Issue 3, p559-580 Palmer. A and Hartley. B, (2006), The Business Environment, 5th Ed, Berkshire, McGraw-Hill Education Payne. A, (2006),?Corporate social responsibility and sustainable development? , Journal of Public Affairs, Vol. 6, Issue 3/ 4, p286-297 Pitta. D, Fung. H and Isberg. S, (1999), „Ethical issues across cultures: managing differing perspectives of China and USA? , Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 16, Issue 3, p240-256 Rosenblatt. V, (2011), „The impact of institutional processes, social networks, and culture on diffusion of global work values in multinational organizations? , Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, Vol. 18, Issue 1, p105-121 Sethi. P, (2006), „A search for standards to monitor labor conditions worldwide? Business Ethics Quarterly, Vol. 16, Issue 2, p271-287 Timlon. J, (2011), „Sustainable Strategic Sourcing Decisions? , Strategic Outsourcing: An international Journal, Vol. 4, No. 1, p88-106 Tonn. R, (2008), „Corporate social responsibility: conscienable and profitable? , Long Island Business News, Vol. 55, Issue 30, p158-158 Zekos. G, (2004), „Ethics versus corruption in globalization? , Journal of Management Development, Vol. 23, Issue 7, P631-647 Page 10 Date 15. 04. 11 Submitted with Extenuating Circumstances BUSI 1475 Contemporary Issues in Management Assignment proposal pro forma ? ? ?For completion by Week 5 Must be signed-off by seminar tutor Must be completed electronically Revised question: The considerations of going global and operating in countries that sanction the use of child labour. Original question: The considerations of manufacturing in countries that sanction the use of child labour. The assignment will look at defining the ethical considerations that need to be looked at before operating in countries that sanction the use of sweat shops and child labour. A debate will be made between the ethical theories of what is deemed to be ethically right or wrong and provide justifications.For example the utilitarianism approach (the greatest good for the greatest number). The essay will go on to discuss CSR in terms of its definition, uses and who is covered. For example some companies operation CSR polici es that are only designed to cover the interest of the shareholders. Following on from this the essay will discuss the impact globalisation has on poorer societies and the occurrence of child labour. Finally the essay will debate over the cultural differences found when operating in other countries and the issues that surround managing in these countries effectively. Relationship to course content (e. g. opics featured) The management issues that have been uncovered are: ? Ethics = discussion of types of ethics (consequentialists and nonconsequentialists). What is defined as ethically right or wrong? ? CSR = who should be covered by CSR? ? Globalisation = does it increase or decrease child labour? ? Cultures = cultural differences and how to manage people. http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/business-11381721 Proposed title URL from BBC News Website Name of student Signature of student Name of tutor Signature of tutor Date Stephanie Grant Stephanie Grant DR Graham Symon 06/01/11 Page 11 Da te 15. 04. 11 Submitted with Extenuating Circumstances

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Loblaw

Implementing the Position Defense strategy by doing the strategic alliance with the Wall-Mart in order to share the information technology system and supply chain management Recommendations The Lobar Companies Limited can use the resource of information technology system, which is Electronic Data Interchange form the Wall-Mart in order to improve the own inventory problem and supply chain management. Vendors can know our sales and in stock levels.The company can know when food that is stocked in the inventory will be expired; they can eliminate the stale-date food. Vendors will get the constant amount of orders from the company and delivery to our company on time. Hence, the company can provide the fresh food to the customers. After the company provide the fresh food with full shelves to customers, the customers will have positive attitudes toward the company that lead the increasing in Labials brand image.Moreover, the two companies, Lobar Companies Limited and Wall-Mart Superstores , can also share the transportations to each other. If the Lobar have to delivery the products from the distribution centers to the stores while the unavailable manufacturers' trucks and own fleets, the company can ask the Wall-Mart Superstores for using their trucks to ship the products. Hence, the company can reduce the opportunity cost of waiting own trucks to ship goods.Strategic Intent To become the market leader domestically and internationally in the supermarket industry Strategic Mission Lobar Companies Limited is manufacturer and distributor of food, non-food, photo shop, dry cleansing, a bank, medical clinic, women's-only fitness center, and gas station (some stores) in supermarket industry by providing one-stop shopping estimation with several services to consumers in Canada.

Friday, November 8, 2019

John Wayne Gacy, the Third Most Prolific Serial Killer in U.S. History

John Wayne Gacy, the Third Most Prolific Serial Killer in U.S. History John Wayne Gacy was convicted of the torture, rape, and murder of 33 males between 1972 until his arrest in 1978. He was dubbed the Killer Clown because he entertained children at parties and hospitals as Pogo the Clown. On May 10, 1994, Gacy was executed by lethal injection. Gacys Childhood Years John Gacy was born on March 17, 1942, in Chicago, Illinois. He was the second of three children and the only son born to John Stanley Gacy and Marion Robinson. From age 4, Gacy was verbally and physically abused by his  alcoholic father. Despite the abuse, Gacy admired his father and constantly sought his approval. In return, his father would hurl insults at him, telling him he was stupid and acted like a girl. When Gacy was 7 years old, he was molested repeatedly by a friend of the family. He never told his parents about it, fearing that his father would find him at fault and that he would be severely punished. Gacys Teen Years   When Gacy was in elementary school, he was diagnosed with a congenital heart condition which limited his physical activity. As a result, he became overweight and endured  teasing from his classmates. At age 11, Gacy was hospitalized for several months at a time after experiencing unexplained blackouts. His father decided Gacy was faking the blackouts because the doctors were unable to diagnose why it was happening. After five years of being in and out of the hospital, it was discovered that he had a blood clot in his brain, which was treated. But Gacys delicate health issues failed to protect him from his fathers drunken wrath. He received regular beatings, for no particular reason other than his father disdained him. After years of abuse, Gacy taught himself not to cry. This was the only thing he consciously ever did that he knew would provoke his fathers anger. Gacy found it too difficult to catch up with what he had missed in school while hospitalized, so he decided to drop out. His being a  high school dropout  solidified his fathers constant accusations that Gacy was stupid. Las Vegas or Bust At the age of 18, Gacy was still living with his parents. He became involved with the Democratic Party and worked as an assistant precinct captain. It was during this time that he began to develop his gift for gab. He enjoyed the positive attention he received in what he felt was a prestigious position. But his father quickly squelched whatever good came out of his political involvement. He belittled Gacy’s association with the Party: he called him a Party patsy. Gacy’s  years of abuse  from his father finally wore him down. After several episodes of his father having refused to let Gacy use his own car, he had enough. He packed his belongings and escaped to Las Vegas, Nevada. A Frightening Awakening In Las Vegas, Gacy worked for an ambulance service for a short time but was then transferred to a mortuary where he was employed as an attendant. He often spent nights alone at the mortuary, where he would sleep on a cot near the embalming room.   On the last night that Gacy worked there, he got into a coffin and fondled the corpse of a teenage boy. Afterward, he was so confused and shocked by the realization that he had been sexually  aroused by a male corpse, that he called his mother the following day and without providing details, asked if he could return home. His father agreed and Gacy, who had only been gone for 90 days, quit his job at the mortuary and drove back to Chicago. Burying the Past Back in Chicago, Gacy forced himself to bury the experience at the mortuary and move forward. Despite not having completed high school, he was accepted at Northwestern Business College, where he graduated in 1963. He then took a management trainee position with the Nunn-Bush Shoe Company and was quickly transferred to Springfield, Illinois, where he was promoted to a management position. Marlynn  Meyers was employed at the same store and worked in Gacys department. The two began dating and nine months later they married. Community Spirit During his first year in Springfield, Gacy had become very involved with the local Jaycees, dedicating much of his spare time to the organization. He became adept at self-promotion, utilizing his salesmanship training to gain positive attention. He rose through the Jaycee ranks and in April  1964 he was awarded the title of Key Man. Fundraising was Gacys niche and by 1965 he was appointed the vice-president of the Jaycees Springfield division and later that same year he was recognized as being the third most outstanding Jaycee in the state of Illinois. For the first time in his life, Gacy felt confident and full of self-esteem. He was married, a good future before him,  and had persuaded people he was a leader. The one thing that threatened his success was his growing need to be  sexually involved with young male teens. Marriage and Fried Chicken After dating in Springfield, Illinois, Gacy and  Marlynn  married in September 1964 and then moved to Waterloo, Iowa where Gacy managed three Kentucky Fried Chicken restaurants owned by Marilyns father. The newlyweds moved into  Marlynns  parents home, rent-free. Gacy soon joined the Waterloo Jaycees, and once again quickly moved up the ranks. In 1967, he received recognition as Outstanding Vice-President of the Waterloo Jaycees and earned a seat on the  Board of Directors. But, unlike in Springfield, the Waterloo Jaycees had a dark side that involved illegal drug use, wife swapping,  prostitutes, and pornography. Gacy slid right into the position of managing and regularly participating in these activities. Gacy also began to act on his desires to have sex with male teenagers, many of whom worked at the fried chicken restaurants he managed. The Lure He turned a basement room into a hangout as a way to attract teens. He would entice the boys with free alcohol and pornography. Gacy would then take sexual advantage of some of the boys after they became too intoxicated to put up any resistance. While Gacy was molesting teens in his basement and doing drugs with his Jaycee pals, Marlyn was busy having children. Their first child was a boy, born in 1967, and the second child was a girl, born a year later. Gacy later described this time of his life as being nearly perfect. It was also the only time he finally gained any approval from his father. The Colonel A common trait shared by many  serial killers  is their belief that they are smarter than everyone and that they will never get caught. Gacy fit that profile. With his above-average earnings and his social connections through the Jaycees, Gacys ego and confidence level grew. He became pushy and commanding and would often brag about accomplishments, most of which were transparent lies.   The Jaycee members who were not into hookers and porn began putting a distance between themselves and Gacy, or Colonel, as he insisted on being called. But in March 1968 Gacys near-perfect world quickly fell apart. First Arrest In August 1967 Gacy had hired 15-year-old Donald Voorhees to do odd jobs around his house. Donald met Gacy through his father, who was also in the Jaycees. After finishing his work, Gacy lured the teen to his basement with the promise of free beer and  porn movies. After Gacy supplied him with an abundance of alcohol, he forced him into having oral sex. This experience seemed to unplug any fears Gacy had about getting caught. Over the next several months, he sexually abused several teenage boys. He convinced some of them that a scientific research program that he was involved in was looking for participants and they would be paid $50 for each session. He also used blackmail as a way to force them into sexual submission. But in March 1968 it all came crashing down on Gacy. Voorhees told his father about the incident with Gacy in his basement, who immediately reported it to the police. Another 16-year-old victim also reported Gacy to the police. Gacy was  arrested  and charged with oral sodomy of the 15-year-old and attempted assault of the other boy, charges he strongly denied.   As his defense, Gacy said that the accusations were a lie by  Voorhees  father who was trying to sabotage his efforts to become president of the Iowa Jaycees. Some of his Jaycee friends believed it was possible. However, despite his protests, Gacy was indicted on the sodomy charges. In an effort to intimidate Voorhees and keep him from testifying, Gacy paid an employee, 18-year-old Russell Schroeder, $300 to beat up the teenager and warn him against showing up in court. Voorhees went straight to the police who arrested Schroeder. He promptly  admitted his guilt  and Gacys involvement to the police. Gacy was charged with conspiracy-assault. By the time it was over, Gacy pled guilty to sodomy and received a 10-year sentence.   Doing Time On December 27, 1969, Gacys father died of cirrhosis of the liver. The news hit Gacy hard, but despite his obvious poor emotional state, the prison officials denied his request to attend his fathers funeral. Gacy did everything right in prison. He earned his high school degree and took his position as head cook seriously. His good behavior paid off. In October 1971, after completing just two years of his sentence, he was released and placed on  probation  for 12 months. Marlyn filed for divorce while Gacy was in prison. He was so angered by the divorce that he told her that she and the two children were dead to him, vowing never to see them again. Marlyn, no doubt, hoped that he would stick to his word. Back in Action With nothing to return to in Waterloo, Gacy moved back to Chicago to begin rebuilding his life. He moved in with his mother and got a job working as a cook, and then worked for a construction contractor. Gacy later bought a home 30 miles outside of Chicago, in Des Plaines, Illinois. Gacy and his mother lived in the house, which was part of the terms of Gacys probation. In early February 1971, Gacy lured a teenage boy to his home and tried to rape him, but the boy escaped and went to the police. Gacy was charged with  sexual assault, but the charges were dismissed when the teen did not show up in court. Word of his arrest never got back to his parole officer. First Kill On Jan. 2, 1972, Timothy Jack McCoy, age 16, was planning on sleeping at the bus terminal in Chicago. His next bus wasnt scheduled until the following day, but when Gacy approached him and offered to give him a tour of the city, plus let him sleep at his house, McCoy took him up on it.   According to Gacy’s account, he awoke the following morning and saw McCoy standing with a knife at his bedroom door. Gacy thought the teen intended on killing him, so he charged the boy and got control of the knife. Gacy then  stabbed the teen to death. Afterward, he realized that he had mistaken McCoys intentions. The teen had a knife because he was preparing breakfast and had gone to Gacys room to wake him up.   Although Gacy had not planned to kill McCoy when he brought him home, he couldnt dismiss the fact that he had become sexually aroused to the point of orgasm during the kill. In fact, the killing was the most intense sexual pleasure he had ever felt. Timothy Jack McCoy was the first of many to be buried in the crawl space under Gacys home. Second Marriage On July 1, 1972, Gacy married a high school sweetheart, Carole Hoff. She and her two daughters from a previous marriage moved into Gacys home. Carole was aware of why Gacy had spent time in prison, but he had downplayed the charges and convinced her that he had changed his ways. Within weeks of being married, Gacy was  arrested and charged  with sexual assault after a teen male accused him of impersonating a police officer to get him into his car, then forcing him to engage in oral sex. Again the charges were dropped; this time because the victim had tried to blackmail Gacy. In the meantime, as Gacy added more bodies in the crawlspace under his house, a horrible stench began to fill the air, both inside and outside of Gacys home. It got to be so bad that neighbors began to insist that Gacy find a solution to get rid of the odor.   Youre Hired In 1974 Gacy left his construction job and started a contracting business called Painting, Decorating, and Maintenance, or PDM Contractors, Inc. Gacy told friends that one way he planned to keep his costs down was by hiring teenage boys. But Gacy saw it as another way to find teens to lure to his basement of horrors.   He began posting available jobs and then invited the applicants to his house on the pretext of talking to them about a job. Once the boys were inside his home, he would overpower them using various tricks, render them unconscious and then begin his gruesome and sadistic torture that almost always led to their death. The Do-Gooder While he wasnt killing young men, Gacy spent time reestablishing himself as a good neighbor and good  community leader. He worked tirelessly on community projects, had several neighborhood parties, developed close friendships with his next-door neighbors, and became a familiar face, dressed as Pogo the Clown, at birthday parties and at the childrens hospital.   People liked John Wayne Gacy. By day, he was a successful business owner and community do-gooder, but by night, unknown to anyone but his victims, he was a sadistic killer on the loose. Second Divorce In October 1975 Carole filed for divorce after Gacy admitted to her that he was attracted to young men. She wasnt surprised by the news. Months before, on Mothers Day, he had informed her that they would not be having any more sex together. She was also bothered by all of the gay porn magazines lying around and she could no longer ignore all the teenage males coming in and out of the house. Having Carole out of his hair, Gacy focused on what really mattered to him most; keeping his do-gooder facade in the community so that he could continue to achieve sexual gratification by raping and killing young boys. From 1976 to 1978, Gacy had managed to hide the bodies of 29 of his victims under his house, but because of lack of space and the odor, he dumped the bodies of his last four victims into the Des Moines River. Robert  Piest On December 11, 1978, in Des Moines, 15-year-old Robert Piest went missing after leaving his job at a pharmacy. He told his mother and a co-worker that he was going to an interview with a construction contractor about a summer position. The contractor had been in the pharmacy earlier in the evening discussing a future remodel with the owner.   When  Piest  failed to return home, his parents contacted the police. The pharmacy owner told investigators that the contractor was John Gacy, owner of PDM Contractors. When Gacy was contacted by the police, he admitted being in the pharmacy on the night the boy disappeared but denied ever speaking to the teenager. This contradicted what one of  Piests  fellow employees had told the investigators. According to the employee,  Piest  was upset because he had been turned down earlier in the evening when he asked for a raise. But when his shift ended, he was excited because the contractor that was remodeling the pharmacy agreed to meet with him that night to discuss a summer job. Gacy’s denying that he had even spoken to the boy raised a lot of suspicions. Investigators ran a background check that revealed Gacys past criminal record, including his conviction and prison time for sodomizing a minor. This information put Gacy on the top of the list of possible suspects. On December 13, 1978, a  warrant to search  Gacys Summerdale Avenue home was granted. While investigators searched his home and cars, he was at the police station giving an oral and written statement about his activities at the pharmacy on the night  Piest  disappeared. When he learned that his house had been searched, he went into a fit of anger. The Search The  evidence  collected at Gacys house included a high school ring for the class of 1975 with initials J.A.S., handcuffs, drugs and drug paraphernalia, two drivers licenses that were not issued to Gacy, child pornography, police badges, guns and ammunition, a switchblade, a piece of stained carpet, hair samples from Gacys automobiles, store receipts, and several items of teen-styled clothing in sizes that would not fit Gacy.   Investigators also went down into the crawl space, but did not discover anything and left quickly due to the rancid odor that they attributed to being a sewage problem. Although the search solidified suspicions that Gacy was likely an active pedophile, it did not turn up any evidence linking him to  Piest. However, he was still their prime suspect.   Under Surveillance Two surveillance teams were assigned to watch Gacy 24 hours a day. The investigators continued their search for  Piest  and continued interviewing his friends and co-worker. They also began interviewing people who had contact with Gacy. What investigators learned was that Robert  Piest  was a good, family-oriented kid. John Gacy, on the other hand, had the makings of a monster. They also learned that  Piest  was not the first, but the fourth person who had disappeared after having contact with Gacy. Meanwhile, Gacy seemed to be enjoying a game of cat and mouse with the surveillance team. More than once he was able to sneak away from his house undetected. He also invited the team into his home and served them breakfast, and then he would joke about spending the rest of the day getting rid of dead bodies. The Big Break Eight days into the investigation the lead detective went to the  Piests  home to bring his parents up to date. During the conversation, Mrs. Piest mentioned a conversation that she had with one of the employees working on the night her son went missing. The employee had told her that she had borrowed her sons jacket when she went on her break and left a receipt in the jacket pocket. This was the same jacket that her son had on when he left to go talk to the contractor about a job and never returned. That same receipt was found in the evidence collected during the search of Gacys house. Further  forensic tests  were performed on the receipt that proved that Gacy had been lying and that  Piest  had been in his home. Gacy Buckles Those closest to Gacy were interviewed by detectives on multiple occasions. Afterward, Gacy demanded that they tell him everything that was said. This included the in-depth questioning of his employees regarding the crawl space under Gacys home. Some of these employees admitted that Gacy had paid them to go down into specific areas of the crawl space to dig trenches. Gacy realized it was just a matter of time before the extent of his crimes would be exposed. He began to buckle under the pressure, and his behavior turned bizarre. On the morning of his arrest, Gacy was observed driving to the homes of his friends to tell them goodbye. He was seen taking pills and drinking mid-morning. He also talked about committing suicide and confessed to a few people that he had killed thirty people. What finally led to his arrest was a  drug deal  that Gacy orchestrated in full view of the surveillance team. They pulled Gacy over and placed him under arrest.   Second Search Warrant While in police custody, Gacy was informed that a second search warrant of his home had been issued. The news brought on chest pains, and Gacy was taken to the hospital. In the meantime, the search of his house, particularly the crawlspace, had begun. But the extent of what would be uncovered shocked even the most seasoned investigators. The Confession Gacy was released from the hospital later that night and taken back into custody. Knowing that his game was up, he  confessed to murdering  Robert  Piest. He also confessed to thirty-two additional murders, starting in 1974, and hinted that the total could be as high as 45. During the confession, Gacy explained how he had restrained his victims by pretending to do a magic trick, which required that they put on handcuffs. He then stuffed socks or underwear into their mouths and used a board with chains, which he would place under their chest, then wrapped the chains around their neck. He would then choke them to death while raping them. Victims Through dental and radiology records, 25 of the 33 bodies found were identified. In an effort to identify the remaining unknown victims, DNA testing was performed from 2011 to 2016.   Went Missing Name Age Location of Body January 3, 1972 Timothy McCoy 16 Crawl space - Body #9 July 29, 1975 John Butkovitch 17 Garage - Body #2 April 6, 1976 Darrell Sampson 18 Crawl space - Body #29 May 14, 1976 Randall Reffett 15 Crawl space - Body #7 May 14, 1976 Samuel Stapleton 14 Crawl space - Body #6 June 3, 1976 Michael Bonnin 17 Crawl space - Body #6 June 13, 1976 William Carroll 16 Crawl space - Body #22 August 6, 1976 Rick Johnston 17 Crawl space - Body #23 October 24, 1976 Kenneth Parker 16 Crawl space - Body #15 October 26, 1976 William Bundy 19 Crawl space - Body #19 December 12, 1976 Gregory Godzik 17 Crawl space - Body #4 January 20, 1977 John Szyc 19 Crawl space - Body #3 March 15, 1977 Jon Prestidge 20 Crawl space - Body #1 July 5, 1977 Matthew Bowman 19 Crawl space - Body #8 September 15, 1977 Robert Gilroy 18 Crawl space - Body #25 September 25, 1977 John Mowery 19 Crawl space - Body #20 October 17, 1977 Russell Nelson 21 Crawl space - Body #16 November 10, 1977 Robert Winch 16 Crawl space - Body #11 November 18, 1977 Tommy Boling 20 Crawl space - Body #12 December 9, 1977 David Talsma 19 Crawl space - Body #17 February 16, 1978 William Kindred 19 Crawl space - Body #27 June 16, 1978 Timothy O'Rourke 20 Des Plaines River - Body #31 November 4, 1978 Frank Landingin 19 Des Plaines River - Body #32 November 24, 1978 James Mazzara 21 Des Plaines River - Body #33 December 11, 1978 Robert Piest 15 Des Plaines River - Body #30 Guilty Gacy went on trial on February 6, 1980, for the murder of thirty-three young men. His defense lawyers tried to prove that  Gacy was insane, but the jury of five women and seven men did not agree.  After only two hours of deliberation, the jury returned a verdict of guilty and Gacy was given the death penalty. Execution While on death row, Gacy continued to taunt authorities with different versions of his story about the murders in an attempt to stay alive. But once his appeals were exhausted, the execution date was set. John Gacy was executed by lethal injection on May 9, 1994. His  last words  were, Kiss my ass. Sources Fall of the House of Gacy by Harlan Mendenhallï » ¿Killer Clown by Terry Sullivan and Peter T. Maiken